Showing posts with label encyclopedias. Show all posts

Monday, June 27, 2016

WOLFRAM

Sunday, May 22, 2016

Encyclopedia of countries and continents

Полная энциклопедия по странам и континентам мира на сайте Planetolog.ru, где вы найдете всю необходимую информацию по любой нужной вам стране.

Карты мира
Географические карты мира
Климатические карты мира
Контурные карты мира
Население на карте мира
Политические карты мира
Спутниковые карты мира Тектонические карты мира
Физические карты мира
Экономические карты мира
Карты часовых поясов
Карты рельефа
Карты ресурсов мира
Дополнительные карты мира

Wednesday, May 18, 2016

The Free Dictionary

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

New American Encyclopedia

This section is from "The American Cyclopaedia", by George Ripley And Charles A. Dana. Also available from Amazon:The New American Cyclopædia. 16 volumes complete..

Camphor

Camphor, the name given to differentconcretevolatile products, commonly obtained bydistillationfrom the chipped wood, roots, and leaves of certain aromatic plants, and condensed by sublimation into a solid form. As known in commerce, camphor is procured only from Japan and theislandsof Formosa,Sumatra, andBorneo; but onespeciesof the trees which produce it is said to abound in some parts of China. In Sumatra and Borneo the product is limited to a narrow range between theequatorand lat. 3° N. Two kinds are known in commerce, theconsumptionof one of which is monopolized by the Chinese, who, by a mere whim, set a value upon it from 70 to 100 times the price of the other variety. The kind they so highly esteem is the Malay article, the product of a gigantic tree, dryobalonops camphora or aromatica, which grows wild on the slopes of the Dirimountainsin Sumatra, and in the territories of the sultanate of Brunai in Borneo, which attains aheightof more than 100 ft., and a diameter of 6 or 7 ft.Siebolddescribes one which measured 50 ft. in circumference. The camphor is obtained from this tree without employing theprocessof separation required in procuring the other variety.

It is found in concrete masses secreted in longitudinal fissures and crevices in the heart wood, and is extracted by splitting the trunk in pieces and picking out the lumps with a pointed instrument or the nail, when they are small. Some lumps have been found as large as a man's arm, but the product of a large tree does not often reach 20 lbs.; half this amount is a good yield for a middling-sized tree, and in hunting for one many are felled and split up with great labor that furnish no camphor; hence the high price of the article. The Chinese, it is said, pay for it at the rate of $1,000 to $1,200 the picul (133 lbs.), or for a very superior quality even $3,000 for 1 cwt.; while the Japan article obtained in their ports, and hence known as Chinese camphor,, is worth only from $12 to $15 the picul. The camphor-wood trunks are supposed to be made of the wood of this tree. It answers well for house and ship timbers and articles of furniture, especially such as are intended to contain and preserve clothes. It is very easy to work, splits readily, and is never attacked by the many destructiveinsectsof the East, which will so speedily devour any European woods, and even those of the East, except the teak, thecalambuco, and the camphor.

The young trees produce, instead of the full-formed camphor, a straw-coloredfluid, which is called in theEast Indiesthe oil of camphor, and is used as an external application in rheumatic complaints. This is supposed by Dr.Thompsonto be the same substance as the solid product, the composition of which he represents by the formula C10H9O. But the genuine oil of camphor he describes as the product of the same trees which furnish the camphor of European commerce. This is known in this country and inEuropeas the camphor of Japan or common camphor; and of this two varieties are recognized in commerce: one, the Dutch, Japan, or tub camphor; and the other, the Chinese or Formosa camphor. The latter is principally produced in the island of Formosa, and thence carried in junks toCanton. There it is packed in square chests lined with lead, and distributed to the various eastern ports at which we obtain it. It is a crude article in dirty gray grains, agglutinated together in lumps, and contaminated with many impurities. The tub camphor is obtained inBatavia, whence it is exported in tubs securely covered with matting, and an outside tub, and containing 100 lbs. or more.

This is in pinkish-colored grains, coarser and purer ingeneralthan the Chinese. Both varieties are probably obtained from the same tree, the laurus cam-phora of Linnaaus, or camphora officinarum of Nees von Esenbeck, an evergreen of considerable size, resembling thelindentree, and bearing a red berry like that of the cinnamon. All parts of the plant possess the odor of camphor, and produce this article when cut into small pieces and distilled. The process is conducted in large kettles of iron, which are furnished with covers in the form of a dome, in which stalks of rice or grain are placed for receiving the camphor sublimations. But little water is used, and only a moderate heat applied to volatilize this and the camphor together. The latter condenses upon the straw. - All the camphor of commerce is a crude article, which requires purification before it is fit for use. The art of refining it was long monopolized in Europe by the Venetians, and afterward by the Dutch; and it is not long that we have in this country beenindependentof the latter for our supplies of the pure material.

The crude article is introduced together with about 1/50 the quantity of quicklime into vessels of cast iron, which serve as retorts, and over which are placed covers of sheet iron connected with the lower vessels by a small aperture. Anumberof these stills are placed in a large sand bath, and, after the melting of the camphor within them, kept at a uniform temperature, that the process may go on quietly. The quicklime serves to retain the moisture, which would otherwise interfere with the condensation of the pure camphor. This takes place under the shelf upon which the cone stands, the vapor when in excess passing into the loosely affixed cones of sheet iron, care being taken to keep the hole open. The deposit of camphor is in the form of a circular cake an inch or two thick, with a hole through the centre. - The composition of camphor is represented by the formula C10H8O. Itsspecific gravityis 0.987; its melting point is 288° F.; and it boils at 400°. It is a semi-transparent white substance, crystallizing in hexagonal plates, and with a crystalline fracture; soft, friable, and tough, so that it is.diffi-cult to reduce it to powder. When moistened with a few drops of alcohol, it is easily pulverized.

Its taste is somewhatbitterand pungent, attended with a slight feeling of coldness; its odor is strong and fragrant, highly penetrating, and exceedingly noxious to troublesome insects. Exposed to the air, it soon disappears in vapor; in close vessels it sublimes and crystallizes upon the parts most exposed to the light. It is readily inflamed, and burns with much smoke and light. A singular effect is noticed on dropping small pieces of clean camphor upon the surface of pure water. The particles rotate and move rapidly about, sometimes for several hours. Any greasy matter touching the water will at once put a stop to the motions. This phenomenon has been shown to be due to the giving out of a thin film of camphor upon the surface of the water, and the consequent reaction upon the fragment which is its source. Mr. Tomlinson states that he has found the same phenomenon in the raspings of cork steeped in sulphuric ether, in sublimated benzoic acid,potassium, etc. - Camphor is readily dissolved in alcohol, this taking up about its ownweightof it; indeed, 100 parts, of sp. gr. 0.806, dissolve 120 of camphor, forming the camphorated spirit of the pharmacopeias. Water added to the solution precipitates the camphor in fine powder.

It issolublein water only to the extent of about 1 part in 1,000.Chloroformis a powerful solvent of it. - Inmedicinecamphor is made use of internally and externally. In small doses it increases the activity of the heart, stimulates the cerebral functions, and may produce transient giddiness and headache. In larger doses it at first diminishes and then increases the rapidity of the pulse, the giddiness is much increased, while delirium and convulsions as well as partial loss of consciousness have been observed. The effects are usually not of long duration, and some observers have taken considerable doses (Trousseau, 35 grains) with much slighter effects then those described. Fatal poisoning, death taking place by coma, is said to have occurred in one case, a girl, from ten grains. Camphor is used as a nervous stimulant in low forms of fever, also indiarrhoea,cholera, andcatarrh. The tincture is used as a domestic remedy in headache and other nervous affections. It has some reputation as a sedative to the genital organs.

Dissolved in olive oil, or as recently proposed in chloroform, it forms an excellent liniment.

Camphora officinarum.

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Tuesday, April 26, 2016

Trivia encyclopedia

Vyjmenovaná slova

B
být	bydlit	obyvatel	byt	příbytek
nábytek	dobytek	zbytek	obyčej	bystrý
bylina	kobyla	býk	babyka
Bydžov	Přibyslav	Bylany	Hrabyně	Rabyně
Byšice	Kobylisy	Zbyněk	Zbyšek
F
(fyzika)	(refýž)	(zefýr)
L
slyšet	mlýn	blýskat se	polykat	plynout
plýtvat	vzlykat	lysý	lýko	lýtko
lyže	pelyněk	plyš	slynout	plytký
vlys
Volyně	Lysolaje
M
my	mýt	myslet	mýlit se	hmyz
myš	hlemýžď	mýtit	zamykat	smýkat
dmýchat	chmýří	nachomýtnout se	mýto	mykat
mys	sumýš
Nezamyslice	Litomyšl	Kamýk	Vysoké Mýto	Přemysl
P
pýcha	pytel	pysk	netopýr	slepýš
pyl	kopyto	klopýtat	třpytit se	zpytovat
pykat	pýr	pýří	pýřit se	pyj
čepýřit se
Chropyně	Pyšely	Přepychy	Spytihněv
S
syn	sytý	sýr	syrový	sychravý
usychat	sýkora	sýček	sysel	syčet
sypat
Bosyně	Sychrov
V
vy, vykat	vysoký	výt	výskat	zvykat
žvýkat	vydra	výr	vyžle	povyk
výheň	cavyky	vyza	kavy	předp. vy- vý-
Výtoň	Vyškov	Vysočany	Vyšehrad	Vyžlovka
Z
brzy	jazyk	nazývat
Ruzyně

Zdroj: Wikipedia, 2009

	ČESKÝ JAZYK	čeština, mluvnice, gramatika
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